預習範圍
pp. 189-193 (phonetics)
pp. 224-229 (phonology)
[重點整理]
IPA-
Markedness
[In general]- "In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say 'walk' that refers to the present tense. But if I add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: 'walked'."
[Phonology]- "In its original substance, markedness makes reference to the phoneme as a bundle of distinctive features, which can be positively or negatively specified (“marked”) for a certain value. If two phonemes are distinguished by one single feature, it can be assumed that one member of the pair is unmarked for the given feature while the other is marked. In other words, they stand in a privative binary opposition."
Type of Brackets & Slashes
( ) - parentheses OR round brackets
[ ] - brackets OR square brackets OR box brackets
{ } - braces OR curly brackets
/ / - slashes
4. Rhoticity / Rhotacized vowel (R-colored vowels) (日化現象/日化元音)
A 第一種Rhotic vowel ([ɜːɹ] or [ɝ]) [本次考試以第一個為主] [更新]
rhotic (捲舌的r): [ɜːɹ] E.g., turn
non-rhotic (沒捲舌的r): [ɜː] E.g., turn
B 第二種Rhotic vowel ([əɹ] or [ɚ]) [本次考試以第一個為主] [更新]
rhotic (捲舌的r): [əɹ] E.g., turn
non-rhotic (沒捲舌的r): [ə(ɹ)] E.g., turn
5. Notation
g'o', n'o'的音標請寫成[oʊ]，先不要寫成[əʊ]，絕對不要寫成[o]
[r]寫成[ɹ]
[w] 可以寫成voiced bilabial glide consonant / voiced velar glide consonant / voiced labio-velar glide consonant
//用於phonemic representation; []用於phonetic representation
phonemic representation = basic representation = underlying representation = underlying form = base form
phonetic representation = surface form
6. Phonological awareness & phonemic awareness
7. Phonological rules
(1) assimilation
(2) dissimilation
(3) deletion
(4) insertion
References:
Analytic Technologies. (n.d.) Markedness. http://www.analytictech.com/mb119/markedne.htm
Gaeta, L. (2017). Markedness. https://0.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0153
Teflpedia. (n.d.) Rhoticity. https://teflpedia.com/Rhoticity
[音標問題]
A. 母音 (height, advancement (frontness/backness), lip rounding, tense/lax, vowel)
[Higher high-Front]
[iː]- higher high front unrounded tense vowel E.g., see, diva
[Lower high-Front]
[ɪ]- lower high front unrounded lax vowel E.g., hit
[Higher mid-Front]
[eɪ]- higher mid front unrounded tense vowel E.g., hate [更新]
[Lower mid-Front]
[e]- lower mid front unrounded lax vowel E.g., bet, head [更新]
[Lower low-Front]
[æ]- lower low front unrounded lax vowel E.g., cat, laugh [更新]
[Lower mid-Central]
[ə]- lower mid central unrounded lax vowel (unstressed in English) "schwa" E.g., about, sofa
[ɜːɹ] - lower mid central unrounded tense vowel E.g., turf, urn
[Higher low-Central]
[ʌ]- higher low central unrounded lax vowel (stressed in English) E.g., cut, love
[Higher high-Back]
[uː]- higher high back rounded tense vowel E.g., ooze, prune
[Lower high-Back]
[ʊ]- lower high back rounded lax vowel E.g., put, book [更新]
[Higher mid-back]
[oʊ]- mid back rounded tense vowel E.g., go, hope, boat
[Lower mid-back]
[ɔː]- lower mid back rounded tense vowel; often written E.g., [ɔː]raw, saw [更新]
[Lower low-back]
[ɑː]- lower low back unrounded tense vowel; often written E.g., [ɑː] bar, spa
[ɒ]- lower low back rounded tense vowel; often written E.g., [ɒ] pot, not
[diphthong]
[aɪ] - tense vowel E.g., fine, tie
[aʊ] - tense vowel E.g., how, now
[ɔːɪ] - tense vowel E.g., boy, toy
B. 子音 (voicing, place of articulation, (aspiration), manner of articulation, consonant)
Bilabials:
[b]: voiced bilabial stop consonant E.g., beak
[p]: voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop consonant E.g., speak [更新]
[ph] (h請上標): voiceless bilabial aspirated stop consonant E.g. peak
[w]: voiced bilabial glide consonant / voiced labio-velar glide consonant E.g., witch [更新]
Nasals:
[m] voiced bilabial nasal stop consonant E.g., mom
[n]: voiced alveolar nasal stop consonant E.g., nurse
[ŋ]: voiced velar nasal stop consonant E.g., sing
Labiodentals:
[f]: voiceless labiodental fricative consonant E.g., fife, laugh
[v]: voiced labiodental fricative consonant E.g., vase, vivacious
Interdentals:
[θ]: voiceless interdental fricative consonant E.g. thing, myth
[ð]: voiced interdental fricative consonant E.g., mother, father
Alveolars:
[t]: voiceless alveolar unaspirated stop consonant E.g. stop
[th](h請上標): voiceless alveolar aspirated stop consonant E.g. top
[d]: voiced alveolar stop consonant E.g., desktop
[s]: voiceless alveolar fricative consonant E.g., snake
[z]: voiced alveolar fricative consonant E.g., zebra
[ɹ]: voiced alveolar (central) liquid consonant E.g., race
[l]: voiced alveolar (lateral) liquid consonant E.g., lip
([n] - voiced alveolar nasal stop consonant E.g., nurse )
Palatals:
[ʃ]: voiceless palatal fricative consonant E.g., ship, push, delicious
[ʒ]: voiced palatal fricative consonant E.g., measure, conclusion
[tʃ]: voiceless palatal affricate consonant E.g., chair, teach
[dʒ]:voiced palatal affricate consonant E.g., judge, genial [更新]
[j]: voiced palatal glide consonant E.g. you
Velars:
[k]: voiceless velar unaspirated stop consonant E.g. ski
[kh](h請上標): voiceless velar aspirated stop consonant E.g. kick, cake
[g]: voiced velar stop consonant E.g. gag
[w]: voiced velar glide consonant / voiced labio-velar glide consonant E.g. witch [更新]
([ŋ] - voiced velar nasal stop consonant E.g., sing)
Glottals:
[h]: voiceless glottal fricative consonant E.g., hit, hi
[ʔ]: voiceless glottal stop consonant E.g., uh-oh, important, Scotland
C. Major Phonetic Class
(A) Noncontinuants and Continuants
(B) Obstruents and Sonorants
(C) Consonantal Sounds
a. Labials: [p][b][m][f][v][w][ʍ]
b. Coronals: [θ][ð][t][d][n][s][z][r][l][ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]
c. Anteriors: [p][b][m][f][v][θ][ð][t][d][n][s][z]
d. Sibilants:[s][z][ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]
4. Terminologies (課本沒有gloss的單字或名詞解釋)
(a.) diphthong
a vowel sound made by pronouncing two vowels quickly one after the other. (Diphthong. (2019). In Longman dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.ldoceonline.com/Linguistics-topic/diphthong)
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